Ubushinwa ni igihugu kinini cy'inganda, cyane cyane gitwarwa n'umuhengeri w'iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'igihugu, inganda zijyanye n'ubushinwa zageze ku bisubizo byiza cyane. Mu nganda z'imashini,ibikoreshoNibice byingenzi kandi byingenzi byingenzi bigize, bikoreshwa mubice bitandukanye byubukungu bwigihugu. Iterambere rikomeye ry'inganda z'inganda z'Ubushinwa ryatumye habaho iterambere ryihuse ryinganda zihuta.

Kugeza ubu, guhanga udushya twahindutse insanganyamatsiko nyamukuru yaibikoresho Inganda, kandi nazo zahiritse mu gihe cyo kuvugurura. Muri iki gihe, inganda zubwenge zabaye politiki nshya yatejwe imbere na Leta. Inganda z'ibikoresho zifite ibiranga ibipimo ngenderwaho n'ibipimo binini, kandi biroroshye kubona impinduka mu cyerekezo gifite ubwenge. Birashobora kuvugwa ko ikibazo gikomeye cyibigo bikora ibikoresho byubu ari ngombwa byihutirwa guhindura uburyo bwo gukora no kunoza urwego rwikora uruganda.

Ubwa mbere, Iterambere ryiterambere ryinganda zubushinwa

Inganda z'ibikoresho ni inganda z'ibanze z'inganda z'ibikoresho by'Ubushinwa. Ifite urwego rwo hejuru rwinganda zinganda, kwinjiza akazi gakomeye, hamwe numurwa mukuru wa tekiniki. Ni garanti ikomeye kugirango ibikoresho byo gukora ibikoresho byo kugera ku kuzamura inganda no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga.

Nyuma yimyaka 30 yiterambere, Ubushinwaibikoresho Inganda zahujwe byuzuye muburyo bwo gushyigikira isi, kandi ryagize sisitemu yuzuye inganda kwisi. Byahuye namateka ihinduka kuva hasi-impera kugeza hejuru, sisitemu yikoranabuhanga hamwe na tekinoroji yibikoresho byatanzwe muburyo butandukanye. Amapikipiki, Imbaraga zimodoka, Inganda zifata imashini nimbaraga ziterwa no guteza imbere inganda z'igihugu cyanjye. Gutwarwa niyi nganda zijyanye, igipimo cyinjiza cyinganda zigaragaza uburyo bwihuse, kandi igipimo cyinganda zifatizo gikomeje kwaguka. Amakuru yerekana ko muri 2016, hashyizweho umusaruro w'isoko ry'inganda z'igihugu cyanjye zari hafi miliyari 230 Yuan, urutonde rwa mbere ku isi. Muri 2017, agaciro kavuzwe k'ibicuruzwa by'ibikoresho byageze kuri miliyari 236, ku mwaka mu gihe cyo kwiyongera k'umwaka 7.02%, kubara hafi 61% byavuzwe haruguru bifite agaciro k'ibice rusange.

Dukurikije imikoreshereze yibicuruzwa, inganda zikoreshwa zirashobora kugabanywa mubyiciro bitatu: ibikoresho byimodoka, ibikoresho byinganda nibikoresho byihariye; Ibicuruzwa by'ibikoresho by'ibinyabiziga birimo imodoka zitandukanye, moto, imashini y'ubwubatsi, imashini z'ubuhinzi n'imodoka za gisirikare, nibindi .; Inganda zinganda zinganda zinganda, imirima yinganda zirimo marine, ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, metallurgie, indege, ibikoresho bidasanzwe by'ibikoresho nk'ibikoresho by'imashini nk'ibikoresho by'imashini n'ibikoresho n'ibikoresho.

Mu Isoko rinini ry'Ubushinwa, umugabane w'isoko y'ibikoresho by'imodoka bigera kuri 62%, hamwe n'inganda zinganda zingana na 38%. Muri bo, amafaranga y'imodoka afite imyaka 62% y'ibikoresho by'imodoka, ni ukuvuga 38% by'isoko rusange ry'ibikoresho, hamwe n'ibindi bikoresho by'imodoka kubikoresho rusange. 24% by'isoko.

Dukurikije umusaruro, hari ibigo birenga 5.000 by'ibikoresho birenga 5.000, imishinga irenga 1.000 hejuru yubunini bwagenwe, kandi ibipimo birenga 300 byingenzi. Ukurikije amanota y'ibikoresho by'ibikoresho, ugereranije n'ibicuruzwa byinshi, biciriritse kandi bike bisoza hafi 35%, 35% na 30%;

Ku bijyanye n'inkunga ya politiki, "Gahunda y'igihugu ishinzwe guteza imbere siyanse n'igihe kirekire (2006-2020)", "Gahunda y'iterambere ry'ibikoresho" ". Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nubushakashatsi niterambere niterambere ryabo.

Duhereye ku baguzi batekereza cyane mu moto itandukanye, moto, ibinyabiziga by'ubuhinzi, ibikoresho byo kubaka amashanyarazi, imashini yo kubaka Metallurgical, amakoperative, ibikoresho bya gari ya moshi na robo. Ibi bikoresho bisaba neza kandi byibaze, kwizerwa, gukora neza no kwihererana ubuzima burebure bwa serivisi y'ibikoresho n'ibikoresho. Ukurikije agaciro kagaciro k'ibikoresho (harimo ibikoresho by'ibikoresho), ibara ry'ibikoresho bitandukanye birenga 60%, n'izindi nkuru y'inama ku munsi wa 40%. Muri 2017, abakora imodoka zitandukanye zakozwe kandi bagurishwa ibinyabiziga miliyoni 29, bifite ibikoresho byoherezwa mu mpimbano, kwanduza impongano, gutwara imigezi n'ibindi bicuruzwa bigera kuri miliyari 140. Muri 2017, 126.61GW yubushobozi bwagaciro bwashizwemo ubushobozi bwongerewe mugihugu hose. Muri bo, 45.1GW mu bushobozi bw'imisozi bwashyizweho, 9.13GW ya hydropower yashyizweho, 163.99GW yo kwinjiza imirasire y'izuba, 53.99GW yo kwinjiza imirasire y'izuba, na 2.16GW mu bushobozi bwa kirimbuzi bwashyizwe ahagaragara. Izi z'ibikoresho by'ingufu zifite ibikoresho by'ibikoresho nk'akoporoga byihuta kandi bigabanya miliyari za Yuan.

Mu myaka yashize, ashyigikiye politiki n'amafaranga, ubushobozi bwo guhanga udushya bw'inganda bwazamuwe cyane. Ibigo bimwe na bimwe binini mu nganda byashizeho ibibuga bishya bya R & D nk'ibigo by'ikoranabuhanga mu rwego rw'igihugu, ibikorwa by'ishuri ry'ishuri, hamwe n'ibigo by'ubushakashatsi, hamwe n'ibigo by'ubushakashatsi bw'imishinga, bishyiraho urufatiro rwo guhanga udushya. Umubare w'abapatezo wemewe ni muremure kandi muremure, cyane cyane umubare w'ipatenti yacitse wiyongereye cyane. Iterambere rikomeye ryakozwe mubyagezweho na siyanse kandi ikoranabuhanga ryikoranabuhanga ryimiterere yinyuma nka module ikomeye, hamwe na faarliary ikomeye ya gari ya moshi igeze ku rwego rwamato. Ibigo bitandukanye byibanda kumirima itandukanye ukurikije ibiranga nibyiza byabo. Uruganda imwe rufite igipimo gito cyisoko rusange, hamwe nibikoresho byo murugo ni bike.

2. Iterambere ryiterambere kuruhande rwinganda zinganda

Guhangana, guhinduka, ubwenge nuburemere bwumucyo ni inzira yiterambere ryibicuruzwa bizaza, arizo zinzengo ibigo byububiko gakondo.

Amashanyarazi: Amashanyarazi yimbaraga azana ingorane kubikoresho gakondo. Ikibazo kizana ni: Ku ruhande rumwe, ikwirakwizwa ry'aga gakondo rirangururamo imiterere yoroshye kandi ryoroshye hamwe n'umuvuduko mwinshi, urusaku ruto, imikorere miremire, uburanga buke. Ku rundi ruhande, ihura nambura disiki itaziguye nta myanya y'ibikoresho. Kubwibyo, amasosiyete agace asenya ibigo bidakwiye kwiga gusa kuzuza ibisabwa amashanyarazi kugirango akemure ibinyabiziga bishya byanditsweho byimodoka. Iterabwoba ry'impinduramatwara ry'amashanyarazi ritagira amashanyarazi ritaziguye hamwe na tekinoroji ya electromagneic ku ruganda rukora ibikoresho gakondo n'ibikoresho.

Guhinduka: Mugihe kizaza, amarushanwa yisoko azarushaho gushimishwa cyane, kandi ibyifuzo byibicuruzwa bizakunda gutandukana kandi byihariye, ariko icyifuzo cyibicuruzwa bimwe ntigishobora kuba binini cyane. Nkinganda zifatizo muburyo bwo gukora, inganda za gear zigomba guhangana nimirima myinshi. Ibicuruzwa bikora ibintu bitandukanye no gukora neza byashyize imbere ibisabwa byinshi. Kubwibyo, birakenewe ko ibigo bishyiraho gahunda yoroshye yo kurangiza imirimo yiminwa itandukanye binyuze mumirongo imwe yumurongo, ariko kandi yujuje ibisabwa mu buryo butandukanye bwumuryango kandi bikamenya umusaruro woroshye. kubaka irushanwa ryibanze ryibigo.

Ubushishozi: Gushyira mu bikorwa tekinoroji yo kugenzura ku mashini bituma imashini ikora; Gukoresha Ikoranabuhanga ridasanzwe, Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho ryamakuru, hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga ry'umuyoboro rikora imashini no gukora ubwenge. Ku migo gakondo y'ibikoresho gakondo, ikibazo ni uburyo bwo kugira ubwenge bw'amashanyarazi, ubuhanga bwa elegitoroniki, ikoranabuhanga rishinzwe kugenzura, tekinoroji y'urusobe no kwishyira hamwe.

Ibikoresho byoroheje: Ibikoresho byoroheje no mu mbaraga nyinshi, kugabanya ibiro no guhindura ubuso no gushimangira bisaba ubufatanye bwambukiranya inganda n'ikoranabuhanga ryiza.