Ubushinwa ni igihugu gikomeye mu nganda, cyane cyane giterwa n'iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'igihugu, inganda zikora mu nganda z'Ubushinwa zageze ku musaruro mwiza cyane. Mu nganda z'imashini,ibikoreshoni ibintu by'ingenzi kandi by'ingenzi cyane, bikoreshwa mu nzego zitandukanye z'ubukungu bw'igihugu. Iterambere rikomeye ry'inganda z'inganda zo mu Bushinwa ryatumye inganda zikora ibikoresho zitera imbere vuba.

Kuri ubu, udushya twigenga twabaye insanganyamatsiko nyamukuru y'iyi gahundaibikoresho inganda, kandi byanazanye igihe cyo kuvugurura. Muri iki gihe, inganda zikora ibikoresho by’ubwenge zabaye politiki nshya itezwa imbere na leta. Inganda zikora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga zifite imiterere yo gupima ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga n’amatsinda manini, kandi biroroshye kubona impinduka mu cyerekezo cy’ubwenge. Dushobora kuvuga ko ikibazo gikomeye cy’ibigo bikora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga ubu ari ugukenera byihutirwa guhindura uburyo bwo gukora no kunoza urwego rw’imikorere y’uruganda.

Ubwa mbere, aho inganda z'ibikoresho by'Ubushinwa zigeze mu iterambere

Inganda zikora ibikoresho ni zo nganda z'ibanze mu nganda zikora ibikoresho mu Bushinwa. Zifite isano iri hagati y’inganda, akazi gakomeye, n’imari ngiro ya tekiniki. Ni garanti y’ingenzi ku nganda zikora ibikoresho kugira ngo zigere ku iterambere ry’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga.

Nyuma y'imyaka 30 y'iterambere, Ubushinwaibikoresho Inganda zashyizwe mu buryo bwuzuye mu buryo bw’isi bushyigikira, kandi zashyizeho uburyo bwuzuye bw’inganda ku isi. Mu mateka, zahinduye kuva ku buryo bwo hasi kugera ku buryo bwo hagati, uburyo bw’ikoranabuhanga ry’ibikoresho n’ikoranabuhanga ry’ibikoresho byashyizweho. Inganda za moto, imodoka, ingufu z’umuyaga n’imashini z’ubwubatsi ni zo zitera imbere inganda z’ibikoresho by’igihugu cyanjye. Ziyobowe n’izo nganda zifitanye isano, igipimo cy’inyungu z’inganda z’ibikoresho bigaragaza iterambere ryihuse, kandi igipimo cy’inganda z’ibikoresho gikomeje kwaguka. Amakuru agaragaza ko mu 2016, umusaruro ku isoko w’inganda z’ibikoresho by’igihugu cyanjye wari miliyari 230 z’amayuan, ukaba waraje ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi. Mu 2017, umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa by’ibikoresho wageze kuri miliyari 236 z’amayuan, ubwiyongere bwa 7.02% buri mwaka, bungana na 61% by’agaciro k’ibicuruzwa byose by’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga.

Dukurikije ikoreshwa ry'ibicuruzwa, inganda zikoresha ibikoresho zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu: ibikoresho by'imodoka, ibikoresho by'inganda n'ibikoresho byihariye; ibikoresho by'imodoka birimo imodoka zitandukanye, moto, imashini z'ubwubatsi, imashini z'ubuhinzi n'imodoka za gisirikare, nibindi; ibikoresho by'inganda bikoresha ibikoresho, amashami y'ibikoresho by'inganda arimo ibyo mu mazi, ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, ikoranabuhanga ry'ibyuma, indege, ingufu z'amashanyarazi, nibindi, ibikoresho byihariye bikoreshwa ahanini ni ibikoresho byo gukora ibikoresho nk'ibikoresho byihariye by'imashini, ibikoresho byo gukata n'ibindi.

Mu isoko rinini ry’ibikoresho by’imodoka mu Bushinwa, isoko ry’ibikoresho by’imodoka rigera kuri 62%, naho ibikoresho by’inganda bingana na 38%. Muri byo, ibikoresho by’imodoka bingana na 62% by’ibikoresho by’imodoka, ni ukuvuga 38% by’isoko rusange ry’ibikoresho by’imodoka, naho ibindi bikoresho by’imodoka bingana na 24% by’isoko.

Ukurikije umusaruro, hari ibigo birenga 5.000 bikora ibikoresho, ibigo birenga 1.000 birengeje ingano yagenwe, n'ibigo by'ingenzi birenga 300. Dukurikije urwego rw'ibicuruzwa by'ibikoresho, igipimo cy'ibicuruzwa binini, biciriritse n'ibiciriritse ni hafi 35%, 35% na 30%;

Ku bijyanye n'inkunga ya politiki, “Incamake y'Igenamigambi ry'Igihugu ry'Iterambere rya Siyansi n'Ikoranabuhanga mu Gihe Giciriritse n'Igihe Kirekire (2006-2020)”, “Gahunda yo Guhindura no Kuvugurura Inganda zikora Ibikoresho”, “Gahunda ya cumi n'ebyiri y'Imyaka itanu y'Ibice by'Ishingiro by'Imashini, Ikoranabuhanga ry'Ishingiro ry'Ikoranabuhanga n'Inganda zikora Ibikoresho by'Ishingiro” “Gahunda y'Iterambere” na “Amabwiriza yo Gushyira mu Bikorwa Imishinga Ikomeye y'Inganda (2016-2020)” byasohotse bikurikiranye, byagize uruhare runini mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ry'ibikoresho n'ubushakashatsi ku bicuruzwa no guteza imbere inganda zabyo.

Ku ruhande rw'abaguzi, ibinyabiziga bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu modoka zitandukanye, moto, ibinyabiziga by'ubuhinzi, ibikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi, ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi by'ibyuma, imashini z'ubwubatsi, amato, ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi na robots. Ibi bikoresho bisaba ubwiza buhanitse, kwizerwa, imikorere myiza yo kohereza no kumara igihe kirekire ibikoresho n'ibikoresho. Ukurikije agaciro k'ibinyabiziga (harimo n'ibikoresho), ibinyabiziga bitandukanye bifite agaciro karenga 60%, naho ibindi bifite munsi ya 40%. Mu 2017, inganda zitandukanye z'imodoka zakoze kandi zigurisha imodoka zigera kuri miliyoni 29, zifite ibikoresho byo kohereza abantu mu ntoki, ibyo kohereza abantu mu buryo bwikora, imigozi yo gutwara n'ibindi bikoresho bifite agaciro ka miliyari 140 z'amayuan. Mu 2017, hongeweho 126.61GW z'ubushobozi bushya bwo gutanga amashanyarazi mu gihugu hose. Muri byo, hongewemo imbaraga zikoreshwa mu bushyuhe zingana na 45.1GW, ingufu zikoreshwa mu mazi zingana na 9.13GW, ingufu zikoreshwa mu muyaga zingana na 16.23GW, ingufu zikoreshwa mu mirasire y'izuba zingana na 53.99GW, n'imbaraga zikoreshwa mu ngufu za kirimbuzi zingana na 2.16GW. Ibi bikoresho bitanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi bifite ibikoresho nk'amasanduku y'amashanyarazi yongera umuvuduko n'ibikoresho bigabanya miliyari za Yuan.

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ku nkunga ya politiki n'amafaranga, ubushobozi bwo guhanga udushya mu nganda bwariyongereye cyane. Bimwe mu bigo bikomeye mu nganda byashyizeho urubuga rushya rwo gusesengura no guteza imbere ibikorwa nk'ibigo by'ikoranabuhanga by'igihugu, ibigo by'imirimo bya postdoctoral, ibigo by'amahugurwa, n'ibigo by'ubushakashatsi ku bigo, bishyiraho urufatiro rw'iterambere rishya. Umubare w'ipatanti zemewe ni mwinshi kandi zifite ireme, cyane cyane umubare w'ipatanti z'ubuvumbuzi wiyongereye cyane. Hakozwe iterambere rikomeye mu bya siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga, kandi ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru nk'udukingirizo duto tw'amenyo akomeye, amasanduku manini y'amashanyarazi akomeye, na 8AT automatic transmissions zo gutwara ubwato bwa Three Gorges byageze ku rwego mpuzamahanga ruteye imbere. Ibigo bitandukanye byibanda ku nzego zitandukanye zikoreshwa hakurikijwe imiterere yabyo n'inyungu zabyo. Ikigo kimwe gifata igice gito cy'isoko rusange, kandi umubare w'ibikoresho byo mu gihugu ni muto.

2. Iterambere ry'inganda zikora ibikoresho mu gihe kizaza

Gukoresha amashanyarazi, ubworoherane, ubwenge n'uburemere bworoheje ni byo bizagenderwaho mu iterambere ry'ibicuruzwa by'ejo hazaza, ibyo bikaba ari imbogamizi n'amahirwe ku bigo bisanzwe bikora ibikoresho.

Gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi: Gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi bizana imbogamizi mu gutwara ibikoresho bisanzwe. Ikibazo gitera ni iki: ku ruhande rumwe, gutwara ibikoresho bisanzwe byazamuwe ku buryo bworoshye kandi bworoheje bufite umuvuduko mwinshi, urusaku ruto, imikorere myiza, ubushishozi bwinshi kandi buramba. Ku rundi ruhande, bihura n'ikibazo cyo guhindura amashanyarazi adakoresha amashanyarazi. Kubwibyo, amasosiyete akoresha ibikoresho bisanzwe ntabwo agomba kwiga gusa uburyo bwo kuzuza ibisabwa mu gutwara amashanyarazi kugira ngo agenzure urusaku rw'imodoka zitwara ibikoresho ku muvuduko mwinshi cyane (≥15000rpm), gukoresha amahirwe yo gukura kw'imodoka nshya zitwara ibikoresho bitewe n'ubwiyongere bukabije bw'imodoka zitwara amashanyarazi, ahubwo no kwita cyane ku hazaza. Ikibazo gikomeye cy'ikoranabuhanga rikoresha amashanyarazi adakoresha amashanyarazi n'ikoranabuhanga rikoresha amashanyarazi mu gutwara ibikoresho bisanzwe ku nganda zitwara ibikoresho n'ibikoresho bisanzwe.

Guhuzagurika: Mu gihe kizaza, ipiganwa ku isoko rizarushaho kuba rishimishije, kandi icyifuzo cy'ibicuruzwa kizaba gitandukanye kandi cyihariye, ariko icyifuzo cy'igicuruzwa kimwe gishobora kuba kitari kinini cyane. Nk'inganda z'ibanze mu nganda zikora, inganda zikora ibikoresho zigomba guhura n'ibice byinshi biri hasi. Ubudasa bw'ibicuruzwa n'imikorere myiza bitanga ibisabwa byinshi. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa ko ibigo bishyiraho uburyo bwo gukora ibintu bworoshye kugira ngo birangize imirimo yo gukora ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibicuruzwa binyuze mu guhindura ibikoresho ku murongo umwe w'ibicuruzwa, ibyo bikaba bidahura gusa n'ibisabwa bitandukanye by'ubwoko bwinshi, ahubwo binagabanya igihe cyo gukora ibikoresho no gukora ibintu byoroshye. Kugira ngo hubakwe ubushobozi bw'ibigo bwo guhangana n'ibindi.

Ubwenge: Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigenzura ku mashini cyane bituma imashini ikora mu buryo bwikora; gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigenzura, ikoranabuhanga ryo gutumanaho, n'ikoranabuhanga ryo kuri interineti bituma imashini n'inganda biba abahanga. Ku bigo bisanzwe bikora ibikoresho, ikibazo ni uburyo bwo gushyira mu bikorwa ubuhanga mu by'amashanyarazi, ikoranabuhanga ryo kuri interineti, ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura, ikoranabuhanga ryo kuri interineti no guhuza ibikorwa.

Byoroshye: Ibikoresho byoroheje kandi bikomeye, kugabanya uburemere bw'inyubako no guhindura no gukomeza ubuso bisaba ubufatanye hagati y'inganda zitandukanye n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo kwigana.