Ubushinwa nigihugu kinini cyinganda, cyane cyane giterwa niterambere ryiterambere ryubukungu bwigihugu, inganda zijyanye n’inganda mu Bushinwa zageze ku musaruro mwiza. Mu nganda zimashini, ibikoresho nibikoresho byingenzi kandi byingirakamaro byingenzi, bikoreshwa mubice bitandukanye byubukungu bwigihugu. Iterambere rikomeye ry’inganda zikora inganda mu Bushinwa ryateye iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zikoresha ibikoresho.

Kugeza ubu, guhanga udushya byahindutse insanganyamatsiko y’inganda zikoresha ibikoresho, kandi byanatangije igihe cyo kuvugurura. Muri iki gihe, inganda zubwenge zahindutse politiki nshya yatejwe imbere na leta. Inganda zikoreshwa mu bikoresho zifite ibiranga uburinganire n’ibice binini, kandi biroroshye kumenya ihinduka ryerekezo ryubwenge. Turashobora kuvuga ko ikibazo kinini cyibikorwa byinganda zikoreshwa muri iki gihe ari ngombwa byihutirwa guhindura uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro no kuzamura urwego rwo gutangiza uruganda.

Icya mbere, iterambere ryinganda zikora ibikoresho byubushinwa

Inganda zikoresha ibikoresho ninganda shingiro zinganda zikora ibikoresho byubushinwa. Ifite urwego rwo hejuru rwo guhuza inganda, kwinjiza akazi cyane, hamwe nigishoro kinini cya tekiniki. Ningwate yingenzi yinganda zikora ibikoresho kugirango zigere ku kuzamura inganda niterambere ryikoranabuhanga.

Nyuma yimyaka 30 yiterambere, inganda zikoresha ibikoresho byubushinwa zinjijwe muri sisitemu yo gutera inkunga isi, kandi zishyiraho gahunda yuzuye yinganda kwisi. Yabonye amateka kuva ihinduka kuva hasi-ijya hagati, sisitemu yikoranabuhanga rya tekinoroji hamwe na sisitemu yubuhanga bwa tekinoroji. Amapikipiki, amamodoka, ingufu z'umuyaga n’inganda zubaka nizo mbaraga ziterambere ry’inganda z’ibikoresho by’igihugu cyanjye. Iyobowe ninganda zijyanye nayo, igipimo cyinjiza inganda zikoresha ibikoresho byerekana iterambere ryihuta, kandi n’inganda zikoresha ibikoresho zikomeza kwiyongera. Amakuru yerekana ko mu 2016, isoko ry’ibicuruzwa by’ibikoresho by’igihugu cyanjye byari hafi miliyari 230, byashyizwe ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi. Muri 2017, umusaruro w’ibikoresho by’ibikoresho wageze kuri miliyari 236 Yuan, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 7.02%, bingana na 61% by’umusaruro rusange w’ibicuruzwa rusange.

Ukurikije ibicuruzwa, inganda zikoresha ibikoresho zishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu: ibikoresho byimodoka, ibikoresho byinganda nibikoresho byihariye; ibikoresho byibikoresho byimodoka birimo ibinyabiziga bitandukanye, moto, imashini zubaka, imashini zubuhinzi n’imodoka za gisirikare, nibindi.; ibikoresho byo mu nganda zikoreshwa mu nganda, Imirima yibikoresho byinganda birimo marine, ubucukuzi bwamabuye y'agaciro, metallurgie, indege, ingufu z'amashanyarazi, nibindi, ibikoresho bidasanzwe byifashishwa cyane cyane ibikoresho byo gukora ibikoresho nkibikoresho byimashini zidasanzwe zikoreshwa, ibikoresho byo gutema nibindi.

Mu isoko rinini ry’ibikoresho by’Ubushinwa, umugabane w’isoko ry’ibikoresho by’imodoka ugera kuri 62%, naho ibikoresho byo mu nganda bingana na 38%. Muri byo, ibikoresho by'imodoka bingana na 62% by'ibikoresho by'ibinyabiziga, ni ukuvuga 38% by'isoko rusange ry'ibikoresho, n'ibindi bikoresho by'ibinyabiziga bifite ibikoresho rusange. 24% by'isoko.

Urebye ku musaruro, hari inganda zirenga 5.000 zikora ibikoresho, inganda zirenga 1.000 hejuru yubunini bwagenwe, hamwe n’inganda zirenga 300. Ukurikije igipimo cyibikoresho by ibikoresho, igipimo cyibicuruzwa byo hejuru, biciriritse n’ibicuruzwa byo hasi ni hafi 35%, 35% na 30%;

Ku bijyanye no gushyigikira politiki, “Gahunda yo Guteza Imbere Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga mu Gihe Cy’igihe kirekire (2006-2020)”, “Gahunda yo Guhindura no Kuvugurura Inganda zikora ibikoresho”, “Gahunda y'Imyaka cumi n'itanu y'Ibice by'imashini ibice by'ibanze, Ikoranabuhanga ry’ibanze n’inganda n’ibikoresho by’ibanze ”“ Gahunda y’iterambere ”na“ Amabwiriza yo gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga y’inganda zikomeye (2016-2020) ”zasohotse zikurikiranye, zagize uruhare runini mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ry’ibikoresho n’ubushakashatsi ku bicuruzwa n’iterambere ndetse no inganda zabo.

Ukurikije abaguzi, ibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane cyane mumamodoka atandukanye, moto, ibinyabiziga byubuhinzi, ibikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi, ibikoresho byubaka metallurgji, ibikoresho byubwubatsi, amato, ibikoresho byo gutwara gari ya moshi na robo. Ibi bikoresho bisaba ibisobanuro bihanitse kandi byisumbuyeho, kwiringirwa, gukora neza no kuramba igihe kirekire cyibikoresho bya bikoresho. Urebye agaciro k'ibikoresho (harimo ibikoresho by'ibikoresho), ibikoresho bitandukanye by'ibinyabiziga bifite hejuru ya 60%, naho ibindi bikoresho bingana na 40%. Muri 2017, abakora amamodoka atandukanye bakoze kandi bagurisha imodoka zigera kuri miriyoni 29, zifite ibikoresho byohereza intoki, ubwikorezi bwikora, imitambiko yimodoka nibindi bicuruzwa byingana na miliyari 140. Muri 2017, hiyongereyeho 126.61GW yubushobozi bushya bwo gutanga amashanyarazi. Muri byo, 45.1GW y’amashanyarazi yashyizweho, 9.13GW y’amashanyarazi yashyizweho, 16.23GW y’umuyaga uhuza amashanyarazi, 53.99GW y’amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y’izuba, na 2.16GW y’amashanyarazi yashyizweho ingufu. Ibi bikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi bifite ibikoresho byifashishwa nka bokisi yihuta yihuta kandi igabanya miliyari y'amadorari.

Mu myaka yashize, ku nkunga ya politiki n’amafaranga, ubushobozi bwo guhanga udushya mu nganda bwazamutse cyane. Ibigo bimwe bikomeye mu nganda byashyizeho uburyo bushya bwa R&D nkibigo by’ikoranabuhanga by’ibigo by’igihugu, ahakorerwa imirimo y’iposita, aho bakorera amasomo, n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi ku bigo, bishyiraho urufatiro rw’iterambere rishya. Umubare w'ipatanti yemewe ni mwinshi kandi ufite ireme, cyane cyane umubare wibintu byavumbuwe wiyongereye cyane. Iterambere rikomeye ryagezweho mu bumenyi bwa tekinoloji n’ikoranabuhanga, hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora ibicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru nka moderi nini-ifite amenyo manini, amenyo manini manini aremereye cyane, hamwe na 8AT yohereza mu buryo bwikora bwo kuzamura ubwato butatu bwa Gorges. yageze ku rwego mpuzamahanga rwateye imbere. Ibigo bitandukanye byibanda kumirima itandukanye ukurikije ibiranga ibyiza byabo. Uruganda rumwe rufite igice gito cyumugabane rusange wisoko, kandi isoko ryibikoresho byimbere mu gihugu ni bike.

2.Iterambere ryigihe kizaza cyinganda zikoresha ibikoresho

Amashanyarazi, guhinduka, ubwenge nuburemere bworoshye niterambere ryibicuruzwa bizaza, ibyo bikaba imbogamizi n'amahirwe kumasosiyete gakondo y'ibikoresho.

Amashanyarazi: Amashanyarazi azana imbogamizi mugukwirakwiza ibikoresho gakondo. Ikibazo kizana ni: kuruhande rumwe, imiyoboro gakondo yoherejwe izamurwa muburyo bworoshye kandi bworoshye hamwe n'umuvuduko mwinshi, urusaku ruke, gukora neza, neza cyane no kuramba. Kurundi ruhande, ihura nogusenya amashanyarazi ataziguye adafite ibikoresho. Kubwibyo, amasosiyete gakondo yohereza ibikoresho ntagomba kwiga gusa uburyo bwo kuzuza ibisabwa kugirango amashanyarazi agenzure urusaku rwogukwirakwiza ibyuma byihuta cyane (≥15000rpm), akoreshe amahirwe yo gukura kwimyuka mishya iterwa no kwiyongera guturika kwamashanyarazi muri iki gihe ibinyabiziga, ariko kandi witondere cyane ejo hazaza. Iterabwoba ryimpinduramatwara ya tekinoroji idafite amashanyarazi hamwe nubuhanga bwogukwirakwiza amashanyarazi mumashanyarazi gakondo no gukwirakwiza ibikoresho.

Guhinduka: Mugihe kizaza, irushanwa ryisoko rizarushaho gushimisha, kandi ibyifuzo byibicuruzwa bizagenda bitandukana kandi byihariye, ariko icyifuzo cyibicuruzwa kimwe ntigishobora kuba kinini. Nka nganda shingiro mubikorwa byinganda, inganda zikoresha ibikoresho zigomba guhura nimirima myinshi yo hepfo. Gukora ibicuruzwa bitandukanye kandi neza bishyira imbere ibisabwa hejuru. Niyo mpamvu, birakenewe ko inganda zishyiraho uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora kugirango zirangize imirimo yumusaruro wubwoko butandukanye binyuze muguhindura ibikoresho kumurongo umwe wumusaruro, ibyo bikaba bitujuje gusa ibisabwa bitandukanye byubwoko butandukanye, ariko kandi bigabanya igihe cyo kugabanya ibikoresho. umurongo wo guterana no kumenya umusaruro woroshye. , kubaka ubushobozi bwibanze bwo guhatanira imishinga.

Intelligentisation: Ikoreshwa ryinshi rya tekinoroji yo kugenzura kumashini ituma imashini ikora; ikoreshwa ryuzuye rya tekinoroji yo kugenzura, ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho ryamakuru, hamwe nikoranabuhanga rya neti bituma imashini nogukora ubwenge. Ku nganda zikora ibikoresho gakondo, imbogamizi nuburyo bwo kumenya ubwenge amashanyarazi, ubwubatsi bwa elegitoronike, kugenzura ikoranabuhanga, ikorana buhanga no kwishyira hamwe.

Umucyo woroshye: Ibikoresho byoroheje kandi bifite imbaraga nyinshi, kugabanya ibiro byubatswe no guhindura isura no gushimangira bisaba ubufatanye bwinganda n’ikoranabuhanga ryigana.